The Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory has two FEL light sources capable of generating intense infrared and ultraviolet radiation. An infrared FEL associated with a 40 MeV Linac provides tunable radiation in the mid-infrared. An ultraviolet FEL installed on a 1.2 GeV storage ring provides tunable coherent radiation from 400 nm to 193 nm. Intense gamma rays are produced by internal backscattering. Active areas of research at DFELL include FEL physics, nuclear physics, materials science, and biological and biomedical sciences.

JET is the world's largest nuclear fusion research facility. Its unique features allow us to explore the unknown; to investigate fusion's potential as a safe, clean, and virtually limitless energy source for future generations. Situated at Culham in the UK, the Joint European Torus is run as a collaboration between all European fusion organisations and with the participation of scientists from around the globe.

EFDA is intended to strengthen the co-ordination of work among the Associates. It will further develop the necessary scientific, technical and organisational basis in the Associations and in the European Industry for the possible construction of an experimental fusion power plant and will reinforce the European capability for international co-operation.

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory advances the understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and energy by providing leadership and resources for qualified researchers to conduct basic research at the frontiers of high energy physics and related disciplines. ermilab, originally named the National Accelerator Laboratory, was commissioned by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, under a bill signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 21, 1967. Founding Director Robert R. Wilson committed the laboratory to firm principles of scientific excellence, esthetic beauty, stewardship of the land, fiscal responsibility and equality of opportunity. Universities Research Association built the laboratory, and has operated the facility under those principles since its founding. On May 11, 1974, the laboratory was renamed in honor of 1938 Nobel Prize winner Enrico Fermi, one of the preeminent physicists of the atomic age.

FOCUS is a National Science Foundation Physics Frontier Center devoted to research at the frontier of optical coherent and ultrafast science. The FOCUS center includes 21 faculty and research scientists at the University of Michigan and the University of Texas. The FOCUS mission is to provide leadership in coherent control in quantum, ultrafast, and high field physics. Click to learn about FOCUS Fellowships and FOCUS Seed Funding.

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has special capabilities for meeting some of the nations broader challenges in fundamental science and applied technology. These capabilities and related facilities are a consequence of Livermores overall size and the need for scientific expertise and technologies that do not exist elsewhere because of our national security mission. For example, the Laboratory has capabilities to develop diagnostics and instrumentation for detecting, measuring, and analyzing a wide range of physical events. We also have expertise to support innovative efforts in advanced materials, precision engineering, micro- and nanofabrication, nondestructive evaluation, complex-system control and automation, and chemical, biological, and photon processes.

A consortium of scientists from the national laboratories and many universities designed and built Gammasphere. It consists of 110 large volume, high purity germanium detectors, each in a BGO compton suppression shield. The project was coordinated by scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the device first assembled there. The device is especially powerful for collecting gamma ray data following the fusion of heavy-ions, when multiplicities are high and Doppler shifts large. It has high granularity, which allows many gamma rays to be measured simultaneously, and permits precise correction for Doppler shifts. It has a photopeak efficiency for 1.3 MeV gamma-rays of 10%. As such, Gammasphere is the worlds most powerful spectrometer for nuclear structure research, rivalled only by Euroball.

The INEEL is a multiprogram national laboratory delivering science and engineering solutions to the world's environmental, energy, and security challenges. The mission of the INEEL is to: Deliver science-based, engineered solutions to the challenges of DOE's missions areas, other federal agencies, and industrial clients; Complete environmental cleanup responsibly and cost-effectively using innovative science and engineering capabilities; Provide leadership and support to optimize the value of EM investments and strategic partnerships throughout the DOE complex; Enhance scientific and technical talent, facilities, and equipment to best serve national and regional interests.

The Institute sponsors programs which encourage the growth and development of the emerging field of quantum information science. Quantum information science (QIS) is a new field of science and technology which draws upon the disciplines of physical science, mathematics, computer science, and engineering. Its aim is to understand how fundamental physical laws can be harnessed to dramatically improve the acquisition, transmission, and processing of information.

The mission of the Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics (IREAP) is to advance modern science through research and educational programs that are interdisciplinary between physical science and engineering. The flow of knowledge between basic science and engineering at IREAP is bidirectional: we apply our basic science skills to problems of practical importance, and we apply our engineering skills to aid fundamental scientific investigations. We emphasize diversity, quality and excellence in all aspects of our activities. IREAP conducts experimental and theoretical research on high-temperature plasma physics, plasma spectroscopy, relativistic microwave electronics, high-brightness charged particle beams, laser-plasma interactions, nonlinear dynamics (chaos), ion beam microfabrication techniques, and microwave sintering of advanced materials, nanoscience, and nanotechnology. IREAP is recognized internationally as a leading university research center in these areas of research.

The International Linear Collider is a proposed new electron-positron collider. Together with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN , it would allow physicists to explore energy regions beyond the reach of today's accelerators. At these energies, researchers anticipate significant discoveries that will lead to a radically new understanding of what the universe is made of and how it works. The nature of the ILC's electron-positron collisions would give it the capability to answer compelling questions that discoveries at the LHC will raise, from the identity of dark matter to the existence of extra dimensions.

In September of 2000, the Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics (ISCAP) was formed at Columbia University under the joint directorship of Brian Greene (Department of Physics) and Arlin Crotts (Department of Astronomy). The goal of ISCAP is to bring together theoretical physicists, astrophysicists, and observational astronomers to address key problems in particle physics and cosmology that require a broad confluence of expertise and perspective. Although there are a number of particle astrophysics groups around the country, ISCAP has two unique features. Firstly, ISCAP is the only group with a primary focus on the ultra-high energy scales between the grand unified/inflation scale (1015 GeV) and the Planck scale (1019 GeV), where the microscopic dynamics of spacetime itself come into play. Now is the time to probe this exotic realm, which holds the answers to some of the greatest scientific mysteries, and ISCAP proposes to undertake to develop methods -- both theoretical and observational -- to do so. Secondly, ISCAP is one of the few cosmology groups with the necessary breadth of interest and experience to pursue these enquiries, having expertise in traditional particle physics, string theory/quantum gravity, particle-astrophysics, inflationary cosmology, in numerical methods and observational cosmology.

JILA is one of the nation's leading research institutes in the physical sciences. Its faculty, graduate students, and postdoctoral research associates explore some of today's most challenging and fundamental scientific questions. Research at JILA ranges from the small, cold world of quantum physics through the design of precision optics and atom lasers to the processes that shape the stars and galaxies, encompassing these seven broad categories:Astrophysics, Atomic & Molecular Physics, Biophysics, Chemical Physics, Materials Physics & Chemistry, Optical Physics Precision, Measurement. JILA's faculty includes two Nobel laureates and two John D. and Catherine T. McArthur Fellows. Each year, JILA scientists publish more than 200 original research papers in national and international scientific journals and conference proceedings. Creative collaborations among JILA Fellows and their groups play a key role in generating the pioneering research JILA is known for around the world.

The Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) is a not-for-profit center for engineering, research and development. Its the largest division of one of the worlds premier research universities, Johns Hopkins. As a not-for-profit division of the Johns Hopkins University, APL serves as a technology resource to the Department of Defense and other Government agencies. Each business area comprises a set of programs grouped as a unit with common application of resources and management. Many business areas are based on capabilities and expertise supporting long-term programs, such as Air & Missile Defense or Strategic Systems. Some are relatively new or represent a more defined focus, such as National Security Space and Homeland Protection. As a division of one of the worlds great research universities, education is an important part of APLs mission. The APL Education Center comprises our on-site JHU Whiting School of Engineering graduate programs. Classes are open to both APL staff and members of the community at large. More than half of the faculty is made up of APL staff members.

KamLAND stands for "Kamioka Liquid Scintillator Anti-Neutrino Detector". KamLAND is the largest scintillation detector ever constructed. Apart from measuring reactor anti-neutrinos, the KamLAND experiment has sensitivity to detect electron anti-neutrinos produced by the decay of 238U and 232Th within the Earth (so-called geoneutrinos). Earth composition models suggest that the total radiogenic power due to these decays is 16TW, approximately half of the measured heat dissipation rate from the Earth. KamLAND has searched for these geoneutrinos and, assuming a Th/U mass concentration ratio of 3.9, finds that the 90% C.L. for the total number of detected geoneutrinos is 4.5 to 54.2. This result is consistent with the central value of 19 events predicted by geophysical models. While the present data has limited statistical power, it nevertheless provides an upper limit of 60TW for the radiogenic power of U and Th in the Earth, a quantity that is currently poorly constrained.