The method is called after the city in the Monaco principality, because of a roulette, a simple random number generator. The name and the systematic development of Monte Carlo methods dates from about 1944....

When Bell began working on his now famous inequality his goal was to determine the consequences of any local hidden variable theory, like that proposed by Einstein, Poldosky, and Rosen in 1935. The results of Bells work shook the foundations of the realist perspective of Quantum Mechanics, and had dramatic philosophical consequences on the debate over the goals and purpose of science. Many argue that Bells theorem is not only one of the most important discoveries in Modern Quantum Mechanics, but because of its extensive ramifications on the way we MUST look at Quantum Mechanics, it is also one of the most important in terms of the philosophy and direction of science.

The Harvey Mudd College mathematics online tutorial covers pre-calculus, single and multi-variable calculus, linear algebra, and differential equations.

Isaac Newton made a Bible-based estimate of a few thousand years. Einstein believed in a steady state, ageless Universe. Since then, data collected from the Universe puts the probable answer somewhere in the middle. See how quantum mechanics, relativity, Hubble's Law, and the Einstein equation are used to calculated the age of the universe.

We have produced a simple cosmic ray detector that can be built by high school teachers. This detector can be used to measure the rate, energy and direction of cosmic rays. It can also measure how cosmic rays vary with elevation. In addition, it is a valuable tool to teach elementary measurement statistics. This unit is part of Berkeley Lab's ABC of Nuclear Science online science unit.

A four-step guide for students and for faculty by Ann McNeal, School of Natural Science, Hampshire College. Reading research papers ("primary articles") is partly a matter of experience and skill, and partly learning the specific vocabulary of a field. First of all, DON'T PANIC! If you approach it step by step, even an impossible-looking paper can be understood.

This website is an educational resource that describes the science behind volcanoes and volcanic processes. The site is sponsored by NASA under the auspices of Project ALERT (Augmented Learning Environment and Renewable Teaching). It is intended for the education of university students of geology and volcanology and teachers of earth science. Each section in the menu builds upon previous sections. For users who lack fundamental knowledge of volcanological principles and terms, it is best to proceed through the website in a progressive manner. More advanced users will find each section self-contained and can navigate through the website as their interest dictates.

HowStuffWorks is widely recognized as the leading source for clear, reliable explanations of how everything around us actually works. Through the flagship Web site HowStuffWorks.com, a popular series of books, an acclaimed kids' magazine, as well as many other ventures, the award-winning company has helped demystify the world for millions of curious people.

People mean different things when they talk about cryptography. Children play with toy ciphers and secret languages. However, these have little to do with real security and strong encryption. Strong encryption is the kind of encryption that can be used to protect information of real value against organized criminals, multinational corporations, and major governments. Strong encryption used to be only military business; however, in the information society it has become one of the central tools for maintaining privacy and confidentiality. As we move into an information society, the technological means for global surveillance of millions of individual people are becoming available to major governments. Cryptography has become one of the main tools for privacy, trust, access control, electronic payments, corporate security, and countless other fields. Cryptography is no longer a military thing that should not be messed with. It is time to de-mystify cryptography and make full use of the advantages it provides for the modern society. In the following, basic terminology and the main methods of cryptography are presented. Any opinions and evaluations presented here are speculative, and neither the authors nor SSH can be held responsible for their correctness - although every attempt is made to make sure that this information is as correct and up-to-date as possible.

Technonerds go to movies strictly for entertainment, and of course, the most entertaining part comes after the movie when they can dissect, criticize, and argue the merits of every detail. However, when supposedly serious scenes totally disregard the laws of physics in blatantly obvious ways it's enough to make us retch. The motion picture industry has failed to police itself against the evils of bad physics. This page is provided as a public service in hopes of improving this deplorable matter. The minds of our children and their ability to master vectors are (shudder) at stake.

This handbook was created by the Lemelson-MIT Program to address the independent inventor's and aspiring entrepreneur's most frequently asked questions regarding United States patents. We hope that this handbook will provide some helpful information on the patenting and commercialization processes.

More than 95% of the Earth's animal species are invertebrates (animals without backbones). They can be found in most habitats. Many are found only in the sea and some groups living on the land are found world-wide. There are thought to be between 3 million and 15 million species in the world (47 000 species of vertebrates). Invertebrates are important in the functions and processes of most ecosystems. They are spectacular, abundant and diverse. They include the Giant Squid at 18m long and gall mites, which are less than .25mm long. Search the site to learn more about invertebrate zoology.

This site contains Interactive Plasma Physics Topics, ranging from electricity, magnetism, energy, and fusion. Please visit the "Virtual Tokamak" and our "Virtual Magnetic Stability Module" to learn about Plasma and Fusion Containment.

The KEEP toolkit is a set of web-based tools that help teachers, students and institutions quickly create compact and engaging knowledge representations on the Web. Share ideas for peer-review, assessment, collective knowledge building, and others purposes to advance teaching and learning as a community of practice and reflection.

Science projects kids can do for school or for fun from simple to advanced from The Science Club.