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Eric Zayas http://www.mindlance.com/domains/lifesciences.htm ezayas@mindlance.com http://www.elementlist.com/forum/comments.php?id=24 Fri, 11 Apr 2008 12:03:08 MST http://www.elementlist.com/forum/link.php?id=24 NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has detected plump black holes where least expected -- skinny galaxies. Like people, galaxies come in different shapes and sizes. There are thin spirals both with and without central bulges of stars, and more rotund ellipticals that are themselves like giant bulges. Scientists have long held that all galaxies except the slender, bulgeless spirals harbor supermassive black holes at their cores. Furthermore, bulges were thought to be required for black holes to grow. The new Spitzer observations throw this theory into question. The infrared telescope surveyed 32 flat and bulgeless galaxies and detected monstrous black holes lurking in the bellies of seven of them. The results imply that galaxy bulges are not necessary for black hole growth; instead, a mysterious invisible substance in galaxies called dark matter could play a role. "This finding challenges the current paradigm. The fact that galaxies without bulges have black holes means that the bulges cannot be the determining factor," said Shobita Satyapal of the George Mason University, Fairfax, Va. "It's possible that the dark matter that fills the halos around galaxies plays an important role in the early development of supermassive black holes." Satyapal presented the findings today at the 211th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Austin, Texas. A study from Satyapal and her team will be published in the April 10 issue of the Astrophysical Journal. Our own Milky Way is an example of a spiral galaxy with a bulge; from the side, it would look like a plane seen head-on, with its wings out to the side. Its black hole, though dormant and not actively "feeding," is several million times the mass of our sun. Previous observations had suggested that bulges and black holes flourished together like symbiotic species. For instance, supermassive black holes are almost always about 0.2 percent the mass of their galaxies' bulges. In other words, the more massive the bulge, the more massive the black hole. Said Satyapal, "Scientists reasoned that somehow the formation and growth of galaxy bulges and their central black holes are intimately connected." But a wrinkle appeared in this theory in 2003, when astronomers at the University of California, Berkeley, and Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pasadena, Calif., discovered a relatively "lightweight" supermassive black hole in a galaxy lacking a bulge. Then, earlier this year, Satyapal and her team uncovered a second supermassive black hole in a similarly svelte galaxy. In the latest study, Satyapal and her colleagues report the discovery of six more hefty black holes in thin galaxies with minimal bulges, further weakening the "bulge-black hole" theory. Why hadn't anybody seen these black holes before? According to the scientists, bulgeless galaxies tend to be very dusty, letting little visible light escape. But infrared light can penetrate dust, so the team was able to use Spitzer's infrared spectrograph to reveal the "fingerprints" of active black holes lurking in galaxies millions of light years away. "A feeding black hole spits out high-energy light that ionizes much of the gas in the core of the galaxy," said Satyapal. "In this case, Spitzer identified the unique fingerprint of highly ionized neon -- only a feeding black hole has the energy needed to excite neon to this state." The precise masses of the newfound black holes are unknown. If bulges aren't necessary ingredients for baking up supermassive black holes, then perhaps dark matter is. Dark matter is the enigmatic substance that permeates galaxies and their surrounding halos, accounting for up to 90 percent of a galaxy's mass. So-called normal matter makes up stars, planets, living creatures and everything we see around us, whereas dark matter can't be seen. Only its gravitational effects can be felt. According to Satyapal, dark matter might somehow determine the mass of a black hole early on in the development of a galaxy. "Maybe the bulge was just serving as a proxy for the dark matter mass -- the real determining factor behind the existence and mass of a black hole in a galaxy's center," said Satyapal. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2008-01/release.shtml http://www.elementlist.com/forum/comments.php?id=23 Sun, 13 Jan 2008 13:42:32 MST http://www.elementlist.com/forum/link.php?id=23 Hello to all of you guys here... I'd like to post a number puzzle, which had been brought to many forums, but yet nobody can work it out properly. I don't know where to put in this forum, so I put it here. I'm not a puzzle mania, this just really disturbs my mind. I hope you guys here can help me. This number puzzle is in .xls file format. It looks like HITORI, but it's not. Since here I can't attach .xls file, I put it (name: sept09A.xls) at: http://www.artofproblemsolving.com/Forum/viewtopic.php?t=171338&sid=dbfa1e1099d59aa7b0714fb0b192b6e4 There are tables contain of 10 rows (1,2,3,...,10) each. Each tables contains of numbers, which here I give example 1 to 40, that should be found its relationships/patterns, so the next numbers can be placed correctly in a certain rows in each tables. In EACH tables, each numbers appears just one time and there will be no same numbers vertically, horizontally and diagonally Tables 1-20 in sheet #2, Tables 21-32 in sheet #3, Tables 33-44 in sheet #4,..., Tables 273-284 in sheet #24. I name and arrange the tables just like that, though you can do else. In sheet #1 you can see Tables 1-20 have filled with numbers 1 to 350. In sheet #25 you can see that total amount of the numbers in each rows are almost its average, so this isn't random and it should have a solution, shouldn't it? (I hope this can explain the problems clearly). Thank you to those who want to pay attentions and interested in this puzzle. P.S: 1. Because of their similar shapes, in sheet #26 & #27 I rearranged the tables that I think could be the "keys" of this puzzle, and I put the file (name: #26&#27.xls) in my latest post there. 2. This "big sizes" puzzle is tough, artistic and really needs hard thinking... Best regards Steven Wu Bali http://www.elementlist.com/forum/comments.php?id=22 Wed, 02 Jan 2008 22:00:45 MST http://www.elementlist.com/forum/link.php?id=22 1. Ketenderivate, III. Pyrazole und Isoxazole aus Ketenmercaptalen Chemische Berichte Volume 95, Issue 12, Date: Dezember 1962, Pages: 2881-2884 Rudolf Gompper, Werner Toepfl 2. Synthese und Reaktionen carbocyclischer Acyl-keten-S,S-acetale Journal fuer Praktische Chemie Volume 321, Issue 2, Date: 1979, Pages: 215-225 M. Augustin, Ch Groth. mail those at john6794atyahoodotcom http://www.elementlist.com/forum/comments.php?id=21 Sat, 27 Oct 2007 03:27:00 MST http://www.elementlist.com/forum/link.php?id=21 Check out what Spitzer found: [QUOTE]Four galaxies are slamming into each other and kicking up billions of stars in one of the largest cosmic smash-ups ever observed. The clashing galaxies, spotted by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, will eventually merge into a single, behemoth galaxy up to 10 times as massive as our own Milky Way. This rare sighting provides an unprecedented look at how the most massive galaxies in the universe form. "Most of the galaxy mergers we already knew about are like compact cars crashing together," said Kenneth Rines of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass. "What we have here is like four sand trucks smashing together, flinging sand everywhere." Rines is lead author of a new paper accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters. [/QUOTE] for the rest: http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/Media/releases/ssc2007-13/release.shtml its amazing to think about how huge all this stuff is... http://www.elementlist.com/forum/comments.php?id=20 Mon, 06 Aug 2007 12:58:54 MST http://www.elementlist.com/forum/link.php?id=20